Kohen, Andrew I.
Breinich, Susan C.
Shields, Patricia M.
Women and the Economy: A Bibliography and a Review of the Literature on Sex Differentiation in the Labor Market
Report, Columbus OH: Center for Human Resource Research, The Ohio State University, 1977
Cohort(s): Mature Women, Young Women
Publisher: Center for Human Resource Research
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Sex; Employment; School Quality;

This literature review expands on part of the article by Hilda Kahne and Andrew Kohen in Journal of Economic Literature 13 (December l975):1249-92. A bibliographic review of the sex differentiation in the labor market is also presented.

Kohen, Andrew I.
Grasso, John T.
Myers, Steven C.
Shields, Patricia M.
Career Thresholds, Volume 6: A Longitudinal Study of the Educational and Labor Market Experience of Young Men
Manpower Research Monograph 16, Volume 6. Washington DC: US GPO, 1977
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: U.S. Department of Labor
Keyword(s): Earnings; Marital Status; Military Service; Mobility; Mobility, Job; Occupational Status; Schooling; Unemployment;

This volume several analyses of youth's educational and labor market experiences. One analysis youths' labor market experience explores the factors related to the levels of educational and occupational aspirations expressed by those youth who were in high school at the beginning of a five-year period. The study investigates factors associated with the adaptation of educational goals during the high school years and the two years thereafter. Another analysis is devoted to occupational mobility among young men. In addition to quantifying and describing the gross changes in major occupation group that occurred (1) between entrance into the labor market and 1971 and (2) over the five-year period 1966 to 1971, the study analyzes the factors that are associated with both the incidence and the magnitude of occupational advancement during these same periods. A third analysis of the unemployment experience of male youth is directed at relating the incidence and duration of unemployment to various types of job separation. It focuses only on members of the experienced labor force who were not enrolled in school. The impact of military service on a youth's subsequent labor market experience is also discussed. This analysis begins with an investigation of the factors that are associated with the likelihood of having served in the armed forces during the Vietnam War and then attempts to assess the net impact of military service on various aspects of subsequent civilian labor market experience.

Shields, Patricia M.
Determinants of Enlistment in the Armed Forces During the Vietnam Era
Proceedings, Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, Part_II (1977): 501-506
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: American Statistical Association
Keyword(s): Discrimination, Racial/Ethnic; Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; I.Q.; Military Enlistment; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment, Youth; Vietnam War;

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

The findings of this study support previous enlistment studies which found a significant relationship between civilian earnings and enlistment among whites. As anticipated, the draft was found to be a key enlistment motivator. Finally, the findings suggest that certain segments of the eligible black population enlisted to avoid, at least temporarily, discrimination in the civilian sector.

Shields, Patricia M.
Determinants of Service in the Armed Forces During the Vietnam Era
Ph.D. Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1977
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: UMI - University Microfilms, Bell and Howell Information and Learning
Keyword(s): Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; Military Draft; Military Recruitment; Vietnam War;

The paper explores the military recruitment process of the Vietnam era. It looks at three questions: who served, who was drafted, and who chose to enlist. A conceptual framework is developed which takes into account sociological, institutional, geographic, and economic factors. The data in this study are based upon the NLS of white and black Young Men. The age and the national representation of the sample allow an accurate representation of the population providing the military manpower during the Vietnam era. Draft pressure was the strongest prediction. Variables representing Selective Service draft classification such as health and fatherhood were significant. Surprisingly, blacks with poor health, unlike whites, were drafted at rates not different from average. Regardless of race, socioeconomic status was not related to the draft or 'who serves' dependent measures. Finally, civilian earnings are significant in predicting enlistment among whites.

Shields, Patricia M.
Enlistment During the Vietnam Era and the 'Representation' Issue of the All- Volunteer Force
Armed Forces and Society 7,1 (Fall 1980): 133-151.
Also: http://afs.sagepub.com/content/7/1/133.full.pdf+html
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces & Society
Keyword(s): Children; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; I.Q.; Military Enlistment; Schooling; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Unemployment; Vietnam War;

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This research represents an attempt to study enlistment in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era. For the first time enlistment is compared by race using panel data. On the whole, white enlistment seems responsive to institutional factors, civilian wages, the local unemployment rate, and draft pressure. The rate of black enlistment seems to respond to geographic region of residence, draft pressure, socioeconomic status, and mental ability. The results suggest that blacks tend to choose the armed forces to escape the draft and (at least temporarily) as a substitute for the civilian labor market.

Shields, Patricia M.
The Burden of the Draft: The Vietnam Years
Journal of Political and Military Sociology 9 (Fall 1981): 215-228.
Also: http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/15/
Cohort(s): Young Men
Publisher: Department of Sociology, Northern Illinois University
Keyword(s): Dropouts; Educational Attainment; Health/Health Status/SF-12 Scale; High School Completion/Graduates; Military Draft; Socioeconomic Status (SES); Vietnam War;

Permission to reprint the abstract has not been received from the publisher.

This study explores the draft during the Vietnam era. Using a national longitudinal sample of young men who were draft vulnerable over the period, it estimates the likelihood of being drafted for whites and blacks. Unlike other studies, it uses pre-service traits in the analysis.

Data from a national longitudinal sample of 2,467 white & 953 black young men, interviewed in 1966 & 1973, who were draft-eligible during the Vietnam era, are used to estimate the likelihood of being drafted for whites & blacks. The burden of the draft fell unevenly on young men of this period. Individuals who possessed combinations of draft vulnerable personal characteristics, such as black high school graduates, paid a higher than average price. The strength of the draft pressure variable, however, shows the overwhelming importance of military demand. Men who were draft eligible during periods of high draft calls were least able to use the many deferment possibilities. Hence, the fortunes of war & the luck of the draw were important in determining who was drafted.